Growing On and Off the Field: Leadership Development and Identity Formation in Youth Athletes through the LEADIFY Program.
1 Fransen, K., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., McLaren, C. D., Mertens, N., Steffens, N. K., & Bruner, M. W. (2022). Unlocking the power of ‘us’: Longitudinal evidence that identity leadership predicts team functioning and athlete well-being. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(24), 2768-2783. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2193005
2 Mertens, N., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Bruner, M. W., Barker, J., Slater, M., & Fransen, K. (2021). Harnessing the power of ‘us’: A randomized wait-list controlled trial of the 5R Shared Leadership Development Program (5RS) in basketball teams. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101936
3 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Mallett, C., Peters, K., & Boen, F. (2020). Making ‘us’ better: High-quality athlete leadership relates to health and burnout in professional Australian football teams. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(7), 953–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1680736
4 Mertens, N., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Cotterill, S. T., Haslam, S. A., & Fransen, K. (2020). Leading together towards a stronger ‘us’: An experimental test of the effectiveness of the 5R Shared Leadership Program in basketball teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(8), 770-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.010
5 Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on performance and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101763
6 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Mallett, C. J., Steffens, N. K., Peters, K., & Boen, F. (2017). Is perceived athlete leadership quality related to team effectiveness? A comparison of three professional sports teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20, 800-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.024
7 Butalia, R., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., Van Puyenbroeck, S., Coffee, P., Biglari, N., Bruner, M. W., Chaudhary, A., Chmura, P., Crozier, A. J., George, E. S., Gurjar, S., Hartley, C., Huzarski, M., Leo, F. M., López-Gajardo, M. A., Loughead, T. M., Machida-Kosuga, M., McLaren, C. D., Nia, S. R. H., Slater, M. J., & Fransen, K. (2025). Is identity leadership provided by coaches and athlete leaders associated with performance? A cross-cultural study in football teams. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 74(1), e12585. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12585
8 Butalia, R., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., Puyenbroeck, S. V., Meeussen, L., Coffee, P., Biglari, N., Bruner, M. W., Chaudhary, A., Chmura, P., Crozier, A. J., George, E. S., Gurjar, S., Hartley, C., Huzarski, M., Leo, F. M., López-Gajardo, M. A., Loughead, T. M., Machida-Kosuga, M., McLaren, C. D., Nia, S. R. H., Slater, M. J., & Fransen, K. (2025). The role of identity leadership in promoting athletes’ mental health: A cross-cultural study. Applied Psychology: An International Review, In press.
9 Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890
10 Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 58-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701834573
11 McEwan, D., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2020). Teamwork in youth sport. In M. W. Bruner, M. A. Eys, & L. J. Martin (Eds.), The Power of Groups in Youth Sport (pp. 183-202). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816336-8.00011-1
12 Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98
13 Gould, D., & Voelker, D. K. (2012). Enhancing youth leadership through sport and physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 83(8), 38-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2012.10598828
14 Martinek, T., & Hellison, D. (2009). Youth leadership in sport and physical education. Palgrave MacMillan.
15 Hammond-Diedrich, K. C., & Walsh, D. (2006). Empowering youth through a responsibility-based cross-age teacher program: An investigation into impact and possibilities. Physical Educator, 63(3), 134-142.
16 Shaikh, M., Bean, C., & Forneris, T. (2019). Youth leadership development in the Start2Finish running & reading club. Journal of Youth Development, 14(1), 2325-4017. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.674
17 Kuhn, P., & Weinberger, C. (2005). Leadership skills and wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 23(3), 395-436. https://doi.org/10.1086/430282
18 Fransen, K., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Vanbeselaere, N., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2016). We will be champions: Leaders' confidence in 'us' inspires team members' team confidence and performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(12), 1455–1469. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12603
19 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., & Boen, F. (2015). Believing in us: Exploring leaders’ capacity to enhance team confidence and performance by building a sense of shared social identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000033
20 Price, M. S., & Weiss, M. R. (2011). Peer leadership in sport: Relationships among personal characteristics, leader behaviors, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.520300
21 López-Gajardo, M. A., Pulido, J. J., Tapia-Serrano, M. A., Ramírez-Bravo, I., & Leo, F. M. (2021). Is perceived athlete leadership quality related to inside sacrifice and perceived performance in team sports? The mediating role of team identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(2380). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662250
22 Martin, L. J., Balderson, D., Hawkins, M., Wilson, K., & Bruner, M. W. (2017). Groupness and leadership perceptions in relation to social identity in youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(3), 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1238414
23 Butalia, R., Rupp, K.-S., Tuand, K., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Loughead, T. M., Schepers, K., Hendrickx, M.-L., & Fransen, K. (2025). A scoping review of interventions for developing athletes as leaders. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, In review.
24 Voelker, D. K., Martin, E. M., & Blanton, J. E. (2019). Views and practices of high school coaches on the education and training of team captains in leadership. Journal of Leadership Education, 18(2), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.12806/V18/I2/R2
25 Walker, L. F., & Gould, D. R. (2021). Evaluation of the NFHS online captains leadership course: Student athletes’ views of effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(788). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648559
26 Seemiller, C. (2018). A competency-based model for youth leadership development. Journal of Leadership Education, 17, 56-72. https://doi.org/10.12806/V17/I1/R1
27 Haslam, S. A., Fransen, K., & Boen, F. (2020). The new psychology of sport and exercise: The social identity approach. Sage Publications Ltd.
28 Butalia, R., Miller, A., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Bruner, M. W., McLaren, C. D., Boen, F., Slater, M. J., Dunn, K., & Fransen, K. (2024). Measuring leadership in sport: Development and validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory – Youth (ILI-Y). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 73, Article 102630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102630
29 Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The developmental psychometrics of big five self-reports: acquiescence, factor structure, coherence, and differentiation from ages 10 to 20. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 718-737. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.718
30 Eys, M. A., Godfrey, M., & Kim, J. (2020). Role involvement in youth sport teams. In M. W. Bruner, M. A. Eys, & L. J. Martin (Eds.), The Power of Groups in Youth Sport (pp. 33-48). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816336-8.00003-2
31 Conger, S. A., Toth, L. P., Cretsinger, C., Raustorp, A., Mitáš, J., Inoue, S., & Bassett, D. R. (2022). Time trends in physical activity using wearable devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from 1995 to 2017. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 54(2), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002794
32 Kokko, S., Martin, L., Geidne, S., Van Hoye, A., Lane, A., Meganck, J., Scheerder, J., Seghers, J., Villberg, J., Kudlacek, M., Badura, P., Mononen, K., Blomqvist, M., De Clercq, B., & Koski, P. (2019). Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? A comparison across six European countries. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(8), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818786110
33 Cotterill, S. T., & Fransen, K. (2016). Athlete leadership in sport teams: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1124443
34 Nicolaides, V. C., LaPort, K. A., Chen, T. R., Tomassetti, A. J., Weis, E. J., Zaccaro, S. J., & Cortina, J. M. (2014). The shared leadership of teams: A meta-analysis of proximal, distal, and moderating relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 923-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.06.006
35 Fransen, K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2014). The myth of the team captain as principal leader: Extending the athlete leadership classification within sport teams. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(14), 1389-1397. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.891291
36 Mertens, N., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Fransen, K. (2021). Will the real leaders please stand up? The emergence of shared leadership in semi-professional soccer teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24, 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.007
37 Haslam, S. A., Alvesson, M., & Reicher, S. D. (2024). Zombie leadership: Dead ideas that still walk among us. The Leadership Quarterly, 101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101770
38 Rees, C. R., & Segal, M. W. (1984). Role differentiation in groups: The relationship between instrumental and expressive leadership. Small Group Behavior, 15(1), 109-123.
39 Loughead, T. M., Hardy, J., & Eys, M. A. (2006). The nature of athlete leadership. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 142-158.
40 Fransen, K., Van Puyenbroeck, S., Loughead, T. M., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2015). Who takes the lead? Social network analysis as pioneering tool to investigate shared leadership within sports teams. Social Networks, 43, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.04.003
41 Mortensen, J., Lichty, L., Foster-Fishman, P., Harfst, S., Hockin, S., Warsinske, K., & Abdullah, K. (2014). Leadership through a youth lens: Understanding youth conceptualizations of leadership. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(4), 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21620
42 Erickson, K., Wright, E., Kochanek, J., & Vierimaa, M. (2020). Peer influence and youth development. In M. W. Bruner, M. A. Eys, & L. J. Martin (Eds.), The Power of Groups in Youth Sport (pp. 221-240). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816336-8.00013-5
43 Fransen, K., Boen, F., Vansteenkiste, M., Mertens, N., & Vande Broek, G. (2018). The power of competence support: The impact of coaches and athlete leaders on intrinsic motivation and performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 28, 725-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12950
44 Stevens, M., Rees, T., & Cruwys, T. (2021). Social identity leadership in sport and exercise: Current status and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101931
45 Steffens, N. K., Fransen, K., & Haslam, S. A. (2020). Leadership. In S. A. Haslam, K. Fransen, & F. Boen (Eds.), The new psychology of sport and exercise: The Social Identity Approach (pp. 41-58). Sage Publications Ltd.
46 Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., Platow, M. J., Fransen, K., Yang, J., Peters, K. O., Ryan, M. K., Jetten, J., & Boen, F. (2014). Leadership as social identity management: Introducing the Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI) to assess and validate a four-dimensional model. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 1001-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.05.002
47 Steffens, N. K., Slade, E. L., Stevens, M., Haslam, S. A., & Rees, T. (2019). Putting the ‘we’ into workout: The association of identity leadership with exercise class attendance and effort, and the mediating role of group identification and comfort. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101544
48 Stevens, M., Rees, T., Coffee, P., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., & Polman, R. (2018). Leaders promote attendance in sport and exercise sessions by fostering social identity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 28, 2100-2108. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13217
49 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Mallett, C. J., Peters, K., Mertens, N., & Boen, F. (2020). All for us and us for all: Introducing the 5R Shared Leadership Program. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101762
50 Fransen, K., Cruwys, T., Haslam, C., Iserbyt, P., Seghers, J., Vanderlinden, J., Van Uffelen, J. G. Z., Verbaanderd, E., & Boen, F. (2022). Leading the way together: A cluster randomised controlled trial of the 5R Shared Leadership Program in older adult walking groups. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19, Article 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01297-x
51 Bruner, M. W., Balish, S. M., Forrest, C., Brown, S., Webber, K., Gray, E., McGuckin, M., Keats, M. R., Rehman, L., & Shields, C. A. (2017). Ties that bond: Youth sport as a vehicle for social identity and positive youth development. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88(2), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2017.1296100
52 Martin, L. J., Balderson, D., Hawkins, M., Wilson, K., & Bruner, M. W. (2018). The influence of social identity on self-worth, commitment, and effort in school-based youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(3), 326-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1306091
53 Bruner, M. W., Boardley, I. D., Benson, A. J., Wilson, K. S., Root, Z., Turnnidge, J., Sutcliffe, J., & Côté, J. (2018). Disentangling the relations between social identity and prosocial and antisocial behavior in competitive youth sport. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1113-1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0769-2
54 Bruner, M. W., Boardley, I. D., & Côté, J. (2014). Social identity and prosocial and antisocial behavior in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.003
55 Vella, S. A., Benson, A., Sutcliffe, J., McLaren, C., Swann, C., Schweickle, M. J., Miller, A., & Bruner, M. (2021). Self-determined motivation, social identification and the mental health of adolescent male team sport participants. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(4), 452-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1705432
56 Jetten, J., Haslam, C., von Hippel, C., Bentley, S. V., Cruwys, T., Steffens, N. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2022). “Let’s get physical” — or social: The role of physical activity versus social group memberships in predicting depression and anxiety over time. Journal of Affective Disorders, 306, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.027
57 Lee, W., Jones, G. J., & Wegner, C. (2024). It’s all relative: Examining the influence of social identity on sport-based youth development. Sport Management Review, In press. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2023.2285488
58 Telzer, E. H., van Hoorn, J., Rogers, C. R., & Do, K. T. (2018). Social influence on positive youth development: A developmental neuroscience perspective. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 54, pp. 215-258). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2017.10.003
59 McLaren, C. D., Boardley, I. D., Benson, A. J., Martin, L. J., Fransen, K., Herbison, J. D., Slatcher, R. B., Carré, J. M., Côté, J., & Bruner, M. W. (2021). Follow the leader: Identity leadership and moral behaviour in social situations among youth sport teammates. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101940
60 Benson, A. J., & Bruner, M. W. (2018). How teammate behaviors relate to athlete affect, cognition, and behaviors: A daily diary approach within youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.008
61 Walton, C. C., Gwyther, K., Gao, C. X., Purcell, R., & Rice, S. M. (2024). Evidence of gender imbalance across samples in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 1337-1355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2150981
62 Butalia, R., Boen, F., Cruz, N. D., Healy, L., Johnston, J., Inoue, Y., Hirokazu, M., Inagaki, K., Wei, G. C. C., Shermaine, L. S. Q., Bruner, M., McLaren, C., Martin, L., McGuire, C., Vitali, F., Diapaola, G., Plessner, H., Schuetz, L. M., Ghorbani, A., Molaei, M., Sameni, A., Marcos, F. M. L., López, M. Á., Hruzewicz, D., Damentka, K., Mann, M. D., Temel, C., Kartal, M., Gokduman, Ç., Bespomoshchnov, V., Arvaja, M., Rantala, T., & Fransen, K. (2024, 23 - 25 June). A cross-national examination of identity leadership in youth sports. The 4th International Conference on Social Identity in Sport, Dijon, France.
63 Fransen, K., Butalia, R., Bruner, M. W., & Boen, F. (In preparation). Empowering youth teams: The strength of athlete leadership in fostering team identity. Unpublished manuscript.
64 Cotterill, S. T., Loughead, T. M., & Fransen, K. (2022). Athlete leadership development within teams: Current understanding and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 820745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.820745
65 MacMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2001). Research in education. A conceptual introduction (5 ed.). Longman.
68 Heylen, H., Van Den Bergh, K., & Seghers, J. (2023). Onderzoek naar de preventie van tiener drop-out bij Vlaamse sportclubs: Bijdrage aan het project “Geef tieners een stem” van Sport Vlaanderen. Master thesis at the Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven. https://media.sport.vlaanderen/m/417803026255c145/original/Masterproef-kaartspel.pdf
69 Yiga, P., Ogwok, P., Achieng, J., Auma, M. D., Seghers, J., & Matthys, C. (2021). Determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban Uganda, a qualitative study. Public Health Nutrition, 24(12), 3624-3636. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003432
70 Vansweevelt, N., van Uffelen, J., Boen, F., & Seghers, J. (2024). Exploring changes in barriers and facilitators for physical activity during the retirement transition: A qualitative interview study based on the Behavior Change Wheel. Journal of Aging Research, 2024(1), 3257287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3257287
71 Feilzer, M. Y. (2010). Doing mixed methods research pragmatically: Implications for the rediscovery of pragmatism as a research paradigm. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(1), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689809349691
73 Mason, M. (2010). Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-11.3.1428
74 Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
75 Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Sociology Press.
76 Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F., & Harms, P. D. (2008). Leadership efficacy: Review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 669-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.007
77 Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology. Pearson Education Limited.
78 Robson, C. (2002). Real World Research. Blackwell.
80 Edelmann, C. M., Boen, F., Stouten, J., Vande Broek, G., & Fransen, K. (2024). Identifying leadership roles of formal and peer leaders in organisational teams: A comprehensive analysis based on qualitative interviews and focus groups. Manuscript in review.
81 Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (2 ed.). SAGE Publications.
82 Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications.
84 Thomas, R. L., & Johnson, I. (2013). Merging methodologies: Combining individual and group card sorting. In A. Marcus (Ed.), Design, user experience, and usability: Design philosophy, methods, and tools (pp. 417-426). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39229-0_45
85 Paul, C. L. (2008). A modified Delphi approach to a new card sorting methodology. Journal Of Usability Studies, 4(1), 7–30.
86 Arend, M. G., & Schäfer, T. (2019). Statistical power in two-level models: A tutorial based on Monte Carlo simulation. Psychological Methods, 24(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000195
87 Shaver, K. G. (1975). An introduction to attribution processes. Winthrop.
88 Bruner, M. W., & Benson, A. J. (2018). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport (SIQS). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.12.006
89 Riemer, H. A., & Chelladurai, P. (1998). Development of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(2), 127-156. https://doi.org/0.1123/jsep.20.2.127
90 Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
91 Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297301
93 Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Standage, M. (2017). Human thriving: A conceptual debate and literature review. European Psychologist, 22(3), 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000294
94 Sharp, C., McLaren, V., Musetti, A., Vanwoerden, S., Hernandez Ortiz, J., Schmeck, K., Birkhoelzer, M., & Goth, K. (2023). The Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA) Questionnaire: First psychometric evaluation in two North American samples of young people. Journal of Personality Assessment, 105(4), 451-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2119860
95 Goth, K., Foelsch, P., Schlüter-Müller, S., Birkhölzer, M., Jung, E., Pick, O., & Schmeck, K. (2012). Assessment of identity development and identity diffusion in adolescence - Theoretical basis and psychometric properties of the self-report questionnaire AIDA. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-27
96 Arnold, M. E., Nott, B. D., & Meinhold, J. L. (2012). The positive youth development inventory. Oregon State University: 4-H Youth Development Program.
97 Edelmann, C. M., Boen, F., Stouten, J., Vande Broek, G., & Fransen, K. (2024). The power of peer leaders: Exploring the link between peer leadership behaviors and sustainable work outcomes. Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010002
99 Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
100 Lafit, G., Sels, L., Adolf, J. K., Loeys, T., & Ceulemans, E. (2022). PowerLAPIM: An application to conduct power analysis for linear and quadratic longitudinal actor–partner interdependence models in intensive longitudinal dyadic designs. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(10), 3085-3115. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221080128
101 Ripley, R., Snijders, T. A. B., & Preciado, P. (2013). Manual for RSiena. University of Oxford.
102 Snijders, T. A. B., van de Bunt, G. G., & Steglich, C. E. G. (2010). Introduction to stochastic actor-based models for network dynamics. Social Networks, 32(1), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.004
103 Fransen, K., Delvaux, E., Mesquita, B., & Van Puyenbroeck, S. (2018). The emergence of shared leadership in newly formed teams with an initial structure of vertical leadership: A longitudinal analysis. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(2), 140-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886318756359
104 Haslam, S. A., Reutas, J., Bentley, S. V., McMillan, B., Lindfield, M., Luong, M., Peters, K., & Steffens, N. K. (2023). Developing engaged and ‘teamful’ leaders: A randomized controlled trial of the 5R identity leadership program. PLoS ONE, 18(5), e0286263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286263
105 Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Peters, K., Boyce, R. A., Mallett, C. J., & Fransen, K. (2017). A social identity approach to leadership development: The 5R program. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16(3), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000176
106 Lacerenza, C. N., Reyes, D. L., Marlow, S. L., Joseph, D. L., & Salas, E. (2017). Leadership training design, delivery, and implementation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(12), 1686-1718. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000241
107 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
108 Fransen, K., Edelmann, C. M., Vanbeselaere, M., Vansteenwegen, D., Vanbeselaere, N., & Boen, F. (2024). In search of academic leadership: Identifying the key leadership behaviours and roles of both formal and peer leaders. Manuscript submitted for publication.
