References FWO Research Project JEZ!

Prof. Katrien Fransen

Growing on and off the field: 

Leadership development in young athletes.


  • 1 Conger, S. A., Toth, L. P., Cretsinger, C., Raustorp, A., Mitáš, J., Inoue, S., & Bassett, D. R. (2022). Time trends in physical activity using wearable devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from 1995 to 2017. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 54(2), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002794
  • 2 Kokko, S., Martin, L., Geidne, S., Van Hoye, A., Lane, A., Meganck, J., Scheerder, J., Seghers, J., Villberg, J., Kudlacek, M., Badura, P., Mononen, K., Blomqvist, M., De Clercq, B., & Koski, P. (2019). Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? A comparison across six European countries. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(8), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818786110
  • 3 Zimmermann-Sloutskis, D., Wanner, M., Zimmermann, E., & Martin, B. W. (2010). Physical activity levels and determinants of change in young adults: a longitudinal panel study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-2
  • 4 Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement from a developmental perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802163549
  • 5 Sport Vlaanderen. (2023). Sportparticipatie bij de Vlaamse bevolking. https://www.sport.vlaanderen/kennisplatform/themas/thema-sportparticipatie/db-sportparticipatie-vlaamse-bevolking/
  • 6 Sport Vlaanderen. (2023). Indicatoren voor drop-out bij sporters van 10-19 jaar. https://www.sport.vlaanderen/kennisplatform/themas/thema-sportparticipatie/db-drop-out-jeugd/
  • 7 Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380(9838), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60735-1
  • 8 Murphy, J., Woods, C., Dijk, D., & Seghers, J. (2018). Factors and actions to prevent dropout in youth sport: results of a rapid review and expert opinions. International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress, London, UK.
  • 9 Sport Vlaanderen. (2024). Geef tieners een stem. https://www.sport.vlaanderen/sporters-beleven-meer/geef-tieners-een-stem/
  • 10 Heylen, H., Van Den Bergh, K., & Seghers, J. (2023). Onderzoek naar de preventie van tiener drop-out bij Vlaamse sportclubs: Bijdrage aan het project “Geef tieners een stem” van Sport Vlaanderen. Master thesis at the Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven. https://media.sport.vlaanderen/m/417803026255c145/original/Masterproef-kaartspel.pdf
  • 11 Fransen, K., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., McLaren, C. D., Mertens, N., Steffens, N. K., & Bruner, M. W. (2022). Unlocking the power of ‘us’: Longitudinal evidence that identity leadership predicts team functioning and athlete well-being. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(24), 2768-2783. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2193005
  • 12 Mertens, N., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Bruner, M. W., Barker, J., Slater, M., & Fransen, K. (2021). Harnessing the power of ‘us’: A randomized wait-list controlled trial of the 5R Shared Leadership Development Program (5RS) in basketball teams. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101936
  • 13 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Mallett, C., Peters, K., & Boen, F. (2020). Making ‘us’ better: High-quality athlete leadership relates to health and burnout in professional Australian football teams. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(7), 953–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1680736
  • 14 Mertens, N., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Cotterill, S. T., Haslam, S. A., & Fransen, K. (2020). Leading together towards a stronger ‘us’: An experimental test of the effectiveness of the 5R Shared Leadership Program in basketball teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(8), 770-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.010
  • 15 Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on performance and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101763
  • 16 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Mallett, C. J., Steffens, N. K., Peters, K., & Boen, F. (2017). Is perceived athlete leadership quality related to team effectiveness? A comparison of three professional sports teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20, 800-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.024
  • 17 Butalia, R., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., Van Puyenbroeck, S., Coffee, P., Biglari, N., Bruner, M. W., Chaudhary, A., Chmura, P., Crozier, A. J., George, E. S., Gurjar, S., Hartley, C., Huzarski, M., Leo, F. M., López-Gajardo, M. A., Loughead, T. M., Machida-Kosuga, M., McLaren, C. D., Nia, S. R. H., Slater, M. J., & Fransen, K. (2025). Is identity leadership provided by coaches and athlete leaders associated with performance? A cross-cultural study in football teams. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 74(1), e12585. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12585
  • 18 Butalia, R., Boen, F., Haslam, S. A., Puyenbroeck, S. V., Meeussen, L., Coffee, P., Biglari, N., Bruner, M. W., Chaudhary, A., Chmura, P., Crozier, A. J., George, E. S., Gurjar, S., Hartley, C., Huzarski, M., Leo, F. M., López-Gajardo, M. A., Loughead, T. M., Machida-Kosuga, M., McLaren, C. D., Nia, S. R. H., Slater, M. J., & Fransen, K. (2025). The role of identity leadership in promoting athletes’ mental health: A cross-cultural study. Applied Psychology: An International Review, In press. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.70008
  • 19 Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890
  • 20 Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 58-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701834573
  • 21 McEwan, D., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2020). Teamwork in youth sport. In M. W. Bruner, M. A. Eys, & L. J. Martin (Eds.), The Power of Groups in Youth Sport (pp. 183-202). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816336-8.00011-1
  • 22 Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98
  • 23 Gould, D., & Voelker, D. K. (2012). Enhancing youth leadership through sport and physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 83(8), 38-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2012.10598828
  • 24 Martinek, T., & Hellison, D. (2009). Youth leadership in sport and physical education. Palgrave MacMillan.
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  • 26 Shaikh, M., Bean, C., & Forneris, T. (2019). Youth leadership development in the Start2Finish running & reading club. Journal of Youth Development, 14(1), 2325-4017. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.674
  • 27 Kuhn, P., & Weinberger, C. (2005). Leadership skills and wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 23(3), 395-436. https://doi.org/10.1086/430282
  • 28 Fransen, K., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Vanbeselaere, N., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2016). We will be champions: Leaders' confidence in 'us' inspires team members' team confidence and performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(12), 1455–1469. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12603
  • 29 Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., & Boen, F. (2015). Believing in us: Exploring leaders’ capacity to enhance team confidence and performance by building a sense of shared social identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000033
  • 30 Price, M. S., & Weiss, M. R. (2011). Peer leadership in sport: Relationships among personal characteristics, leader behaviors, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.520300
  • 31 López-Gajardo, M. A., Pulido, J. J., Tapia-Serrano, M. A., Ramírez-Bravo, I., & Leo, F. M. (2021). Is perceived athlete leadership quality related to inside sacrifice and perceived performance in team sports? The mediating role of team identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(2380). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662250
  • 32 Martin, L. J., Balderson, D., Hawkins, M., Wilson, K., & Bruner, M. W. (2017). Groupness and leadership perceptions in relation to social identity in youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(3), 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1238414
  • 33 Butalia, R., Rupp, K.-S., Tuand, K., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Loughead, T. M., Schepers, K., Hendrickx, M.-L., & Fransen, K. (2025). A scoping review of interventions for developing athletes as leaders. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, In review.
  • 34 Voelker, D. K., Martin, E. M., & Blanton, J. E. (2019). Views and practices of high school coaches on the education and training of team captains in leadership. Journal of Leadership Education, 18(2), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.12806/V18/I2/R2
  • 35 Walker, L. F., & Gould, D. R. (2021). Evaluation of the NFHS online captains leadership course: Student athletes’ views of effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(788). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648559
  • 36 Seemiller, C. (2018). A competency-based model for youth leadership development. Journal of Leadership Education, 17, 56-72. https://doi.org/10.12806/V17/I1/R1
  • 37 Haslam, S. A., Fransen, K., & Boen, F. (2020). The new psychology of sport and exercise: The social identity approach. Sage Publications Ltd.
  • 38 Butalia, R., Miller, A., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Bruner, M. W., McLaren, C. D., Boen, F., Slater, M. J., Dunn, K., & Fransen, K. (2024). Measuring leadership in sport: Development and validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory – Youth (ILI-Y). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 73, Article 102630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102630
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  • 40 Eys, M. A., Godfrey, M., & Kim, J. (2020). Role involvement in youth sport teams. In M. W. Bruner, M. A. Eys, & L. J. Martin (Eds.), The Power of Groups in Youth Sport (pp. 33-48). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816336-8.00003-2
  • 41 Cotterill, S. T., & Fransen, K. (2016). Athlete leadership in sport teams: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1124443
  • 42 Nicolaides, V. C., LaPort, K. A., Chen, T. R., Tomassetti, A. J., Weis, E. J., Zaccaro, S. J., & Cortina, J. M. (2014). The shared leadership of teams: A meta-analysis of proximal, distal, and moderating relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 923-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.06.006
  • 43 Fransen, K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2014). The myth of the team captain as principal leader: Extending the athlete leadership classification within sport teams. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(14), 1389-1397. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.891291
  • 44 Mertens, N., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Fransen, K. (2021). Will the real leaders please stand up? The emergence of shared leadership in semi-professional soccer teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24, 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.007
  • 45 Haslam, S. A., Alvesson, M., & Reicher, S. D. (2024). Zombie leadership: Dead ideas that still walk among us. The Leadership Quarterly, 101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101770
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  • 47 Loughead, T. M., Hardy, J., & Eys, M. A. (2006). The nature of athlete leadership. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 142-158.
  • 48 Fransen, K., Van Puyenbroeck, S., Loughead, T. M., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., Vande Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2015). Who takes the lead? Social network analysis as pioneering tool to investigate shared leadership within sports teams. Social Networks, 43, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.04.003
  • 49 Mortensen, J., Lichty, L., Foster-Fishman, P., Harfst, S., Hockin, S., Warsinske, K., & Abdullah, K. (2014). Leadership through a youth lens: Understanding youth conceptualizations of leadership. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(4), 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21620
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  • 51 Fransen, K., Boen, F., Vansteenkiste, M., Mertens, N., & Vande Broek, G. (2018). The power of competence support: The impact of coaches and athlete leaders on intrinsic motivation and performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 28, 725-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12950
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  • 53 Steffens, N. K., Fransen, K., & Haslam, S. A. (2020). Leadership. In S. A. Haslam, K. Fransen, & F. Boen (Eds.), The new psychology of sport and exercise: The Social Identity Approach (pp. 41-58). Sage Publications Ltd.
  • 54 Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., Platow, M. J., Fransen, K., Yang, J., Peters, K. O., Ryan, M. K., Jetten, J., & Boen, F. (2014). Leadership as social identity management: Introducing the Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI) to assess and validate a four-dimensional model. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 1001-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.05.002
  • 55 Steffens, N. K., Slade, E. L., Stevens, M., Haslam, S. A., & Rees, T. (2019). Putting the ‘we’ into workout: The association of identity leadership with exercise class attendance and effort, and the mediating role of group identification and comfort. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101544
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